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We consider a supplier–customer relationship where the customer faces a typical Newsvendor problem of determining perishable capacity to meet uncertain demand. The customer outsources a critical, demand‐enhancing service to an outside supplier, who receives a fixed share of the revenue from the customer. Given such a linear sharing contract, the customer chooses capacity and the service supplier chooses service effort level before demand is realized. We consider the two cases when these decisions are made simultaneously (simultaneous game) or sequentially (sequential game). For each game, we analyze how the equilibrium solutions vary with the parameters of the problem. We show that in the equilibrium, it is possible that either the customer's capacity increases or the service supplier's effort level decreases when the supplier receives a larger share of the revenue. We also show that given the same sharing contract, the sequential game always induces a higher capacity and more effort. For the case of additive effort effect and uniform demand distribution, we consider the customer's problem of designing the optimal contract with or without a fixed payment in the contract, and obtain sensitivity results on how the optimal contract depends on the problem parameters. For the case of fixed payment, it is optimal to allocate more revenue to the supplier to induce more service effort when the profit margin is higher, the cost of effort is lower, effort is more effective in stimulating demand, the variability of demand is smaller or the supplier makes the first move in the sequential game. For the case of no fixed payment, however, it is optimal to allocate more revenue to the supplier when the variability of demand is larger or its mean is smaller. Numerical examples are analyzed to validate the sensitivity results for the case of normal demand distribution and to provide more managerial insights. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008 相似文献
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水源热泵机组的节能效果及环境影响分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
水源热泵机组由于具有较好的节能优势及环境效益,在国内外取得了较快的发展。但对于水源热泵机组全生命周期的环境影响定量化研究得较少。介绍了冷热源机组环境影响评价较为成功的等价温室效果评价方法,对评价过程所涉及的因素进行了分析说明,并应用该评价方法对重庆市某工程拟采用的3种冷热源方案进行了机组环境影响分析。结果表明采用水源热泵机组作为冷热源无论在夏季还是冬季不仅存在巨大的节能优势,最高节能量达到32.05%,而且在全生命周期内的温室气体CO2的排放量也较少,仅为方案2的67.40%,方案3的89.06%,具有良好的环境优势。 相似文献
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改进的四陀螺冗余捷联惯组故障诊断与隔离方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
四个陀螺和四个加速度计构成的冗余捷联惯组系统,采用等价空间法——广义似然比法、最优奇偶向量法进行故障诊断与隔离时,会出现不能正确隔离出故障仪表的问题。分析后得出,存在一个余度时,等价空间法只能诊断出故障,而无法隔离故障仪表,这是由等价空间法的原理决定的。小波变换可对信号进行多尺度分析,能够准确地找出信号奇异点——幅值突变和频率突变等。基于以上问题,利用小波变换对突变信号敏感的特性,提出等价空间+小波变换的组合方法,对四陀螺冗余捷联惯组进行故障诊断与隔离。数字仿真试验证明:对于阶跃型故障,该组合方法能诊断故障并能成功进行故障隔离。 相似文献
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为了探究战场威胁下多轴特种车辆轮胎系统的生存概率,对轮胎系统的抗毁伤能力进行量化表征,提出了一种基于等毁线的轮胎系统抗毁伤能力表征方法。针对轮胎毁伤状态下对整车的影响,基于车辆动力学对轮胎系统的力学特性进行量化表征,建立了轮胎系统功能毁伤的计算模型;采用毁伤理论对冲击波超压场进行弹目交会和量化分析,建立了轮胎系统物理毁伤的计算模型;根据爆心与车辆的位置关系,采用面向车辆全面域的计算特征线,建立了轮胎系统等毁线计算模型。以某型五轴特种车辆为例,进行了表征方法验证。研究结果表明:该表征方法可应用于战场威胁下多轴特种车辆轮胎系统的抗毁伤能力表征,为后续机动规避和防护能力提升奠定模型基础。 相似文献
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